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The 101st-ranked Dolonts broke to open before Schiavone, who last year became the first Italian woman to win a Grand Slam singles title, won 11 games in a row.
Schiavone routed Melanie Oudin of the United States 6-2, 6-0 in the first round and will next play No 29 Peng Shuai.
The fifth-seeded Schiavone posted her best result of the season last week when she reached the semi-finals at the Brussels Open.
In other results, Russian third seed Vera Zvonareva came within a whisker of succumbing to the biggest upset of the tournament to date before eventually prevailing 4-6, 7-5, 7-5 against injury-stricken German qualifier Sabine Lisicki.
Lisicki, the former world No 22, spurned a match point at 5-2 up in the third set before the injury jinx that kept her off the courts for five months last year returned, prompting a long injury time-out that left her in tears.
Her opponent's momentum having evaporated, Zvonareva proceeded to win the next five games in succession to reach the last 32, after which a weeping Lisicki departed the scene on a stretcher.
Australian eighth seed Samatha Stosur, beaten by Schiavone in last year's final, crushed Romanian 19-year-old Simona Halep 6-0, 6-2 in her second-round match.
The 27-year-old world number six takes on Gisela Dulko in the third round, after the unseeded Argentine comfortably beat Bulgarian 32nd seed Tsvetana Pironkova 6-4, 6-2.
"It's a good match-up for me," said Stosur on the draw with Dulko.
"We know each other's games quite well. It will come down to who can play better on the day."
There were also victories for Serbian former world No 1 Jelena Jankovic, France's Marion Bartoli and 2009 champion Svetlana Kuznetsova of Russia, the 10th, 11th and 13th seeds respectively.
Bartoli beat Belarusian qualifier Olgo Govortsova 6-4, 6-7 (1/7), 6-2, Jankovic saw off Russia's Vera Dushevina 6-3, 6-2 and Kuznetsova crushed Romanian 20-year-old Irina-Camelia Begu 6-1, 6-1.
Results on Wednesday from Roland Garros:
Mens Singles
Second Round
Roger Federer (3), Switzerland, def. Maxime Teixeira, France, 6-3, 6-0, 6-2.
Janko Tipsarevic (29), Serbia, def. Pere Riba, Spain, 6-1, 6-3, 6-0.
Sergiy Stakhovsky (31), Ukraine, def. Kei Nishikori, Japan, 6-1, 3-6, 6-3, 7-6 (3).
David Ferrer (7), Spain, def. Julien Benneteau, France, 6-3, 6-4, 6-2.
Gael Monfils (9), France, def. Guillaume Rufin, France, 6-3, 1-6, 6-1, 6-3.
Steve Darcis, Belgium, def. Philipp Petzschner, Germany, 7-5, 6-4, 6-4.
Juan Martin del Potro (25), Argentina, def. Blaz Kavcic, Slovenia, 6-3, 6-2, 6-4.
Thomaz Bellucci (23), Brazil, def. Andreas Seppi, Italy, 6-1, 6-2, 6-4.
Richard Gasquet (13), France, def. Marcel Granollers, Spain, 4-6, 6-3, 6-2, 6-4.
Mikhail Youzhny (12), Russia, def. Mikhail Kukushkin, Kazakhstan, 6-3, 7-5, 6-4.
Albert Montanes, Spain, def. Ruben Ramirez Hidalgo, Spain, 6-7 (5), 6-4, 6-1, 6-2.
Novak Djokovic (2), Serbia, def. Victor Hanescu, Romania, 6-4, 6-1, 2-3, retired.
Fabio Fognini, Italy, def. Stephane Robert, France, 6-2, 6-1, 6-0.
Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (17), France, def. Igor Andreev, Russia, 6-3, 7-6 (4), 6-3.
Stanislas Wawrinka (14), Switzerland, def. Thomas Schoorel, Netherlands, 6-3, 6-2, 6-4.
Guillermo Garcia-Lopez (30), Spain, def. Marsel Ilhan, Turkey, 6-4, 1-6, 6-2, 4-6, 13-11.
Womens Singles
Second Round
Anastasia Rodionova, Australia, def. Edina Gallovits-Hall, Romania, 6-1, 6-4.
Sam Stosur (8), Australia, def. Simona Halep, Romania, 6-0, 6-2.
Gisela Dulko, Argentina, def. Tsvetana Pironkova (32), Bulgaria, 6-4, 6-2.
Caroline Wozniacki (1), Denmark, def. Aleksandra Wozniak, Canada, 6-3, 7-6 (6).
Julia Goerges (17), Germany, def. Lucie Safarova, Czech Republic, 2-6, 7-5, 6-2.
Bethanie Mattek-Sands, United States, def. Varvara Lepchenko, United States, 6-3, 2-6, 6-3.
Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (14), Russia, def. Mona Barthel, Germany, 6-0, 7-6 (5).
Nuria Llagostera Vives, Spain, def. Alize Cornet, France, 6-0, 6-2.
Svetlana Kuznetsova (13), Russia, def. Irina-Camelia Begu, Romania, 6-1, 6-1.
Jelena Jankovic (10), Serbia, def. Vera Dushevina, Russia, 6-3, 6-2.
Rebecca Marino, Canada, def. Maria Jose Martinez Sanchez, Spain, 2-6, 6-3, 6-3.
Peng Shuai (29), China, def. Polona Hercog, Slovenia, 7-5, 6-1.
Daniela Hantuchova (28), Slovakia, def. Sara Errani, Italy, 6-1, 6-2.
Marion Bartoli (11), France, def. Olga Govortsova, Belarus, 6-4, 6-7 (1), 6-2.
Francesca Schiavone (5), Italy, def. Vesna Dolonts, Russia, 6-1, 6-2.
Vera Zvonareva (3), Russia, def. Sabine Lisicki, Germany, 4-6, 7-5, 7-5.
