Kolkata - South Africa were 266-9 in their first innings when bad light ended play on the opening day of the second and final cricket Test against India on Sunday.
The Proteas lost seven wickets for 32 runs in the post-tea session.
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Smith, who went ahead despite a fractured finger to play the crucial Test and then won the toss for the second time in the series, made four when he was bowled by left-arm seamer Zaheer Khan.
Petersen, handed his Test cap at the last minute after wicket-keeper Mark Boucher was ruled out with back spasms, responded with a fluent 100 before being caught behind.
Petersen, a 29-year-old from Port Elizabeth, has already played 10 one-day internationals where he averages 48.85.
Amla, who made an unbeaten 253 in the first Test which the Proteas won by an innings and six runs, continued his good form with a knock of 114 runs.
South Africa need only a draw to take over from India as the number one team in the official Test rankings.
The Eden Gardens wicket, sporting a greenish tinge, provided even bounce and enabled the batsmen to play their shots.
Both teams made one change from the sides that played in the first Test in Nagpur.
India welcomed back middle-order batsman Venkatsai Laxman, who missed the first Test with a finger injury, in place of Wriddhiman Saha.
AB de Villers will keep wicket for the tourists after Boucher missed out.
Teams
India:
Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Murali Vijay, Sachin Tendulkar, Vangipurappu Laxman, Subramaniam Badrinath, Mahendra Singh Dhoni (captain & wk), Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan, Amit Mishra, Ishant Sharma.
South Africa:
Graeme Smith (captain), Aliviro Petersen, Hashim Amla, Jacques Kallis, AB de Villiers (wk), Ashwell Prince, JP Duminy, Dale Steyn, Wayne Parnell, Paul Harris, Morne Morkel.
The Proteas lost seven wickets for 32 runs in the post-tea session.
CLICK HERE for scorecard.
Smith, who went ahead despite a fractured finger to play the crucial Test and then won the toss for the second time in the series, made four when he was bowled by left-arm seamer Zaheer Khan.
Petersen, handed his Test cap at the last minute after wicket-keeper Mark Boucher was ruled out with back spasms, responded with a fluent 100 before being caught behind.
Petersen, a 29-year-old from Port Elizabeth, has already played 10 one-day internationals where he averages 48.85.
Amla, who made an unbeaten 253 in the first Test which the Proteas won by an innings and six runs, continued his good form with a knock of 114 runs.
South Africa need only a draw to take over from India as the number one team in the official Test rankings.
The Eden Gardens wicket, sporting a greenish tinge, provided even bounce and enabled the batsmen to play their shots.
Both teams made one change from the sides that played in the first Test in Nagpur.
India welcomed back middle-order batsman Venkatsai Laxman, who missed the first Test with a finger injury, in place of Wriddhiman Saha.
AB de Villers will keep wicket for the tourists after Boucher missed out.
Teams
India:
Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Murali Vijay, Sachin Tendulkar, Vangipurappu Laxman, Subramaniam Badrinath, Mahendra Singh Dhoni (captain & wk), Harbhajan Singh, Zaheer Khan, Amit Mishra, Ishant Sharma.
South Africa:
Graeme Smith (captain), Aliviro Petersen, Hashim Amla, Jacques Kallis, AB de Villiers (wk), Ashwell Prince, JP Duminy, Dale Steyn, Wayne Parnell, Paul Harris, Morne Morkel.